Comparative philosophy of religion can be considered as a new approach for philosophical studies of religion. In this approach, rational assessing of religious beliefs is done through different perspectives. In fact, comparative philosophy of religion provides this possibility to see our religious beliefs from other people’ s view, and see their beliefs from our view. The result of welcoming this approach is reforming, falsifying or demonstrating the truth of our or others’ religious beliefs. This result can be pleasant or unpleasant for believers, that is, if the result of welcoming comparative philosophical studies concerning religious beliefs lead to rejecting or reforming our religious beliefs, we should accept the conclusion and reform our beliefs or put them away. In fact, as philosophy of religion tries to rationally assess religious judgments, welcoming comparative philosophy may challenge our rational tendency to religion and religious tradition, and it may falsify some parts of our religious beliefs. In this paper, I argue that if we welcome comparative philosophy of religion, how much its consequences are acceptable and which parts of religious beliefs or the totality of religion can be changed or reformed.

The relationship between religion and suicide has long been studied by social scientists, especially sociologists. In the present article, by reviewing the theoretical and empirical literature in this field of study, at first, the mechanisms of relationship between the religion and suicide are explained and then the main hypothesis of the research was evaluated empirically with secondary data of Iran through an inter-country comparative analysis with the provincial analysis unit. The findings of this study showed that the main hypothesis in sociological theoretical views that "religion has a protective or reducing effect against suicide" in the context of the Muslim community in Iran is also fully confirmed empirically. More precisely, when the effects of three influential variables on suicide at the systemic level, namely socio-economic development,Family integration, and social disorder were controlled,the net effect of religion on suicide in the provinces of Iran was significantly reduced, indicating the fact that religion had a significant protective effect on suicide. This finding fully indicates the net and independent effect of religion on suicide in the provinces of Iran and is an empirical support for the thesis that religion can play the role of a shield or protector against suicide by promoting coping with the suffering of life and thus, reduce the risk of suicide.

Reformed epistemology, based on the reliability of the functions of cognitive faculties, holds that one can believe in God directly without argument or evidence. Alvin Plantinga, one of the proponents of this view, replaces justification with warrant in the classical definition of knowledge and considers true belief, which has a warrant as knowledge. On this basis, he considers it reasonable to believe in the existence of God because it has a warrant and arises from our healthy cognitive faculties without the need for an independent argument. Some defenders of the cognitive science of religion also seek to provide evidence from cognitive science to explain religious beliefs in such a way as to show that there is a natural mechanism in man to know God. They argue based on this mechanism in favor of the existence of God. Justin Barrett, one of the leading proponents of this view, uses a mental bias called the Hyperactive Agency Detection Device (HADD), which is evolutionarily developed in humans, to explain the process of generating belief in supernatural intentional beings, including God. In recent years, efforts have been made to integrate these two approaches and use the experimental results of cognitive science to validate reformed epistemology. The 2010 joint paper by Barrett and Clark, the former a cognitive scientist and the latter a reformed epistemologist, is a prime example of this effort. Although this paper lists some of the differences between the various perspectives in cognitive sciences of religion and reformed epistemology, its ultimate goal is to show the correlation and convergence of the two approaches. One of the similarities emphasized in this article is related to a particular type of cognitive faculty, called the sense of divinity or Sensues Divintatus, and in both approaches is mentioned by various terms.While acknowledging some similarities between the two theories, the present paper seeks to undermine the view that tries to use the cognitive science of religion as a scientific basis for validating reformed epistemology. This task has been done in this article by pointing out and providing evidence in favor of the fundamental differences between the two theories. In this article, two arguments are presented to show their fundamental differences.The first argument is based on differences in the origins and roots of the two theories. According to this argument, HADD as a cognitive tool in Barrett’s theory can be counted as a mediator, proof, or scientific evidence to prove God; while the foundation of reformed epistemology is to put aside these intermediaries and explain the rationality of belief in God, without resorting to an argument. As the scholars of the cognitive science of religion agree, what creates human bias towards intelligent factors is a spandrel or byproduct property that is not adoptive in the human evolutionary process. Some of them consider the generation of this property as the reason for the existence of God, but regardless of whether this argument is true or false, human cognitive biases in this argument are mediations to prove the existence of God. Accordingly, the two theories, despite their apparent similarities, are fundamentally different.The second argument emphasizes the difference in the goals or visions of the two theories. The main concern of the cognitive science of religion, according to Barrett, is how to produce belief; while the main concern of reformed epistemology is the rationality of belief. In fact, by relying on HADD, one can only remark on how a belief is made, regardless of its rationality. However, this does not meet the purpose of reformed epistemology. In reformed epistemology, Plantinga considers belief in God to be a kind of basic belief that we are reasonable to accept. Here, some have said, the belief produced in the evolutionary process can also be reasonable. This claim can be examined in its place, but so far as the ultimate goal of the cognitive science of religion is the explanation of belief production, and it is different from the ultimate goal of the reformed epistemology, that is, the explanation of the rationality of belief, it is sufficient for this article to show their differences.

Purpose: Managers are one of the important elements of an organization, for this reason, in order to draw the future of the organization, it is necessary for the planners to specify the conditions of their selection and appointment. Therefore, the current research has been done with the aim of identifying and analyzing the components of selecting future principals.Method: In this research, comparative and benchmarking method is used as a prospective approach. This approach is based on the belief that today's advanced organizations/countries can be considered as a model for the future of another organization/countries in their respective subjects. For this, first, the fields of comparison and benchmarking were determined using Brody's four-step comparison method; then the countries of Canada, Finland, Australia, South Africa, and Japan were selected according to the qualitative balance value in the international advanced TEAMS test, human development index, life quality index(health, instruction, and welfare), education quality index, and other scientific-scholarly indexes; finally, by extracting the criteria for the selection and appointment of principals through content analysis and comparison with Iran, the proposed framework for Iran has been presented.Findings: A total of 61 components for the selection of secondary school principals were identified from among the studies conducted in the selected countries in this article. By extracting the commonalities and differences of each of the components among the countries, it was found that the highest index of manager selection and appointment belongs to Japan and the lowest one is related to Finland.Conclusion: There are similarities between the components of selection of principals of secondary schools in Iran and selected countries. In Iran, special attention should be paid to important components such as adherence to religious principles, appropriate personality traits, creativity and innovation, motivation to develop capabilities, professional growth, power of supervision and accountability, social image, leader skills, and purposefulness and foresight.

Mothering role is a valuable expression of women in the world. Mothering and femininity are two concepts; there is a complex relationship between them. Although mothering is a social estate with high value and mainly women are expected to accept this role, the real function of it still has remained invisible. Meanwhile, religions and psychology are the fields that have described mothering and its position in two distinct paradigms. Religion as an institution, that a person build his or her belief on it, has a determining role in turning point of women as mother and offers an approach with respect. Also psychology as an applied science that studies behaviors and mind processes has a challenging and object-oriented approach to the presence of mother in individual life, so can be both effective and destructive. This paper has tried to study mothering in a comparative way in psychology and religion to understand different and similar points.

More of multiple pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization - or medications. "selective reduction of pregnancy" is a medical procedure to reduce multiple pregnancy. In such cases, one or more of the healthy embryo, fetus or mother sacrificed to maximize the chance of survival is longer. Regardless of the different approaches to reducing infant mortality, religion has also been studied in the scope of the problem. Judaism and Islam, by having a system of legal proof, carefully review it has different views on this matter have expressed. In this study we compared to an adaptive reduction of the embryos analyzed to Judaism and Islam.Materials and methods: this study analyzes - descriptive study and its data are collected using a library. After explaining the concepts and principles to the analysis of legal texts of Islam are paid Jewish law.Results: regardless of the scientific aspects of embryonic loss, Muslim and Jewish religious scholars are unanimously of the opinion that reducing fetal death do not count; however, since the establishment of the human embryo in the womb, deserves a degree of respect. Embryo reduction is not permitted except when necessary. The purpose of this requirement is to endanger the life or health of the mother or fetus, including needs arising from the impact of socio-economic factors are not.

Most interpreters of Faryqeyn relate the fulfilment of the will of the God All-mighty in dominance of religion to the age of Imam Mahdi and the Jesus coming back (Quran: Toubah [Repentance]: verses 32 and 33; Saff: verses 8 and 9). They consider this quote as a reasonable possibility, and without denying it or even having any doubt in the way of determination they have specified the dominance of the right religion only to the age of Appearance.Faryqeyn narratives in the form of revelation (ie, the interpretive concept of verse) or realisation (achieving the meaning of the provisions objectively at the time after revelations) are in line with meaning provisions of the revelations and in the Faryqeyn view implies the fulfilment of this will in the age of Appearance. Faeryqyn have not denied or cast no doubt on the content of verses when evaluating the provisions in the narratives.This article is a review and critique of the evaluation of Quran scholars in both sects.  The conclusion is content of these verses can only be [clearly] specified to Imam Mahdi’s appearance and other interpretations are in various conflicts.

2The current research was conducted with the aim of compiling and validating the educational package of the 10th grade religion and life lesson based on Choice Theory. The research method for the stage of designing and compiling the educational package was descriptive-analytical method mixed . The main themes of the training package and the time required for training were taken from written sources such as the model of G schools and internal and external research projects. To validate the package, while using the face validity method, the content validity method was used in a qualitative and quantitative way. It was used with a panel of 14 experts. 14 experts were considered as the statistical population, 10 of them were in the field of psychology, two were in the field of curriculum planning, and two were in the field of education. In addition, two relative coefficients of content validity and content validity index were used. The minimum and maximum relative content validity coefficients for each item of the package were calculated as 1 and 0.71, and the content validity index in most sessions reached the number (0.85) for all goals in the educational protocol. The results revealed that the educational package of the Religion and Life lesson based on Choice Theory for 10th grade students have good formal and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational applications and research use.

Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.